Physical Constants Reference Library

Your comprehensive guide to fundamental physical constants

Name Symbol Value Unit Category Action

Useful Physics Formulas

E=mc²

Mass-Energy Equivalence

Einstein's famous equation relating mass and energy. Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared.

E = Energy (J) m = Mass (kg) c = Speed of light (m/s)
F=ma

Newton's Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration. This is the foundation of classical mechanics.

F = Force (N) m = Mass (kg) a = Acceleration (m/s²)
F=G·m₁m₂/r²

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the product of masses and inversely proportional to distance squared.

F = Gravitational force (N) G = Gravitational constant m₁,m₂ = Masses (kg) r = Distance (m)
E=h·f

Planck's Relation

Energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, with Planck constant as the proportionality factor.

E = Photon energy (J) h = Planck constant f = Frequency (Hz)
p=h/λ

de Broglie Wavelength

Matter wave equation showing wave-particle duality. Momentum equals Planck constant divided by wavelength.

p = Momentum (kg·m/s) h = Planck constant λ = Wavelength (m)
V=IR

Ohm's Law

Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit.

V = Voltage (V) I = Current (A) R = Resistance (Ω)
PV=nRT

Ideal Gas Law

Relates pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas in an ideal gas.

P = Pressure (Pa) V = Volume (m³) n = Moles (mol) R = Gas constant T = Temperature (K)
W=∫F·dx

Work Done by a Force

Work is the integral of force over distance, representing energy transfer.

W = Work (J) F = Force (N) dx = Displacement (m)
K=½mv²

Kinetic Energy

Energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

K = Kinetic energy (J) m = Mass (kg) v = Velocity (m/s)
U=mgh

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy due to an object's position in a gravitational field (near Earth's surface).

U = Potential energy (J) m = Mass (kg) g = Gravity (m/s²) h = Height (m)
τ=r×F

Torque

Rotational force that causes angular acceleration.

τ = Torque (N·m) r = Lever arm (m) F = Force (N)
λ=h/mv

de Broglie Wavelength

Wave nature of matter particles, demonstrating wave-particle duality.

λ = Wavelength (m) h = Planck constant m = Mass (kg) v = Velocity (m/s)
v=λf

Wave Speed

Relationship between wave speed, wavelength, and frequency.

v = Wave speed (m/s) λ = Wavelength (m) f = Frequency (Hz)
a=v²/r

Centripetal Acceleration

Acceleration toward the center of circular motion.

a = Acceleration (m/s²) v = Velocity (m/s) r = Radius (m)
F=qvB

Lorentz Force

Force on a charged particle in magnetic field.

F = Force (N) q = Charge (C) v = Velocity (m/s) B = Magnetic field (T)
E=½kx²

Elastic Potential Energy

Potential energy stored in a stretched spring.

E = Energy (J) k = Spring constant (N/m) x = Displacement (m)
Q=mcΔT

Heat Transfer

Heat required to change temperature of a substance.

Q = Heat (J) m = Mass (kg) c = Specific heat (J/kg·K) ΔT = Temp change (K)
P=W/t

Power

Rate of energy transfer or work done.

P = Power (W) W = Work (J) t = Time (s)
ρ=m/V

Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

ρ = Density (kg/m³) m = Mass (kg) V = Volume (m³)
p=mv

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity.

p = Momentum (kg·m/s) m = Mass (kg) v = Velocity (m/s)
Δp=FΔt

Impulse-Momentum

Change in momentum equals impulse.

Δp = Momentum change F = Force (N) Δt = Time (s)
C=Q/V

Capacitance

Ability to store electrical charge.

C = Capacitance (F) Q = Charge (C) V = Voltage (V)
L=μ₀n²A/l

Inductance

Property of an electrical conductor.

L = Inductance (H) μ₀ = Permeability n = Turns

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A comprehensive online resource providing over 500 physics constants and fundamental formulas across various fields including fundamental constants, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and cosmology.

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